|
The word "Aryan" designates Indian and Iranian culture and "most justly" the latter where the term still lives on and is interchangeable with the linguistic, national, and religious identifier Iranian.〔J.P. Mallory | 1989 | p=125-126 "As an ethnic designation, the word is most properly limited to the Indo-Iranians, and most justly to the latter where it still gives its name to the country Iran (from the Avestan genitive plural ''airyanam'' through later Iranian ''eran'' to ''iran'')."〕 The Aryans are recalled as the ''Airya'' in the ancient Iranian scriptures known as the ''Avesta,'' the oldest portions of which were composed by the ancient Aryan〔Albert De Jong |1997 |p= 320 “The only reliable tradition that can be found is the passage, possibly from Hecataeus of Abdera, in Diodorus Siculus 1.94.2, which connects Zathraustes with the Ariani. This mirrors the Avestan (and later Zoroastrian) idea of Zarathustra living in Airyana Vaejah and proclaiming his message to “the Aryans.”〕 “poet-praiser”〔M.L. West | 2007 | p=29 "The hymns of the Rigveda were the work of priest-poets called Rishis: Zarathushtra uses the corresponding Avestan word ereshi- of himself (Y.31.5).”〕 historians identify as ‘’Zarathushtra’’ (Gk. Zoroaster Ger. Zarathustra),〔Benjamin W. Fortson | 2010 | p= 264 "12.59. The Homeric poems in their present form represent the accumulated labor of many generations of bards from different parts of eastern Greece. The result was a mixture of forms from different parts of eastern Greece. The result was a mixture of forms from different dialects and from different chronological stages. Each poet drew on a repertory of inherited and memorized formulaic poetic language, but in composing the epics in performance would inject newer material of his own devising. Bards constantly adapted the poetic language, and to make the verses scan they would sometimes create forms that from a historical point of view are wrong.”〕〔Benjamin W. Fortson | 2010 | p=229 "The linguistically oldest Avestan, called Old or Gathic Avestan, is confined mostly to the core of the Yasna, namely Yasna 28-34, 43-51, and 53. These sections constitute the five Gathas traditionally ascribed to Zarathushtra himself.”〕 and who were closely tied to speakers and clans or nations of Indo-Europe’s ancestral past including the ''Scythians'', ''Sarmatians'', and ''Cimmerians'' also included within the category of “Aryan.”〔J.P. Mallory | 1989 | p=48 “Reading from west to east we an include as Iranian speakers the major Iron Age nomads of the Pontic-Caspian steppe such as the Kimmerians(?), Scythians, Sarmatians and Alans. The incredible mobility of these horse-mounted nomads becomes all the more impressive when we recall their westward expansions thorugh Europe.”〕 Similarly the Aryans are recalled as the ''Arya'' in the ancient Indic scriptures known as the ''Vedas''.〔R. Schmitt) | 1987 | http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/aryans "The name “Aryan” (OInd. āˊrya-, Ir. *arya- (short a- ), in Old Pers. ariya-, Av. airiia-, etc.) is the self designation of the peoples of Ancient India and Ancient Iran who spoke Aryan languages ()"〕 The Avestan and Vedic Sanskrit languages of these respective Aryan speakers are almost identical and henceforth must trace back to a period shortly after the linguistic divergence of their hypothetical common ancestor known as Proto-Indo-Iranian.〔J.P. Mallory | 1989 | p=36 "() Indic and Iranian show such remarkable similarities with one another that we can confidently posit a period of Indo-Iranian unity between the earlier Proto-Indo-European language and the subsequent appearance of the individual Indic (or Indo-Aryan) and Iranian languages."〕 Scholars have dated these languages to a period ranging from 6000 BCE to no later than 1000 BCE.〔Mary Settegast | 2005 |>〕〔J.P. Mallory | 1989 | p=52 "()from the archaeological perspective we can at least credit the earliest part of the ''Avesta'' to the Late Bronze Age-Early Iron Age, about 1000 BC"〕 The homeland of the Aryans is recalled in the ''Avesta'' as ''Airyana Vaejah''〔Jenny Rose|2011 "''Videvadad'' refers to ''Airyana Vaejah'' as an original homeland of the Iranians."〕 and roughly corresponds to the modern day territories of Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Georgia, Iran, Azerbaijan, Kurdistan, and Pakistan.〔Michael Witzel | 1998 | http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/AryanHome.pdf “In short, what we get in the Vīdẽvdåδ list, is a view of the inhabitable world seen from (the center of) Greater Afghanistan ()”〕 Alternatively there is no record of an Aryan homeland in the ''Vedas'' although the place-name ''Arya-Varta'' which identifies the "abode of the Aryans" does appear in post-Vedic texts such as the ''Manusmirti,'' and indicates "the tract between the Himalaya and the Vindhya ranges, from the Eastern Sea to the Western Sea."〔p=2 "the tract between the Himalaya and the Vindhya ranges, from the Eastern Sea to the Western Sea."〕 The Aryan religion of the ''Avesta'', also known as the "Magical or Ethical Religion,"〔Dhunjeebhoy Jamsetjee Medhora | 1886 | p=66 "Agathius says that he () changed their old form of rites, and introduced many new opinions and was the author and introducer of Magical religion among the Persians〕〔Miles Menander Dawson | 1931 | p=6 "() his () mission was primarily and essentially ethical, to cause men to elect, with intelligence and good motive, to do the right thing."〕 demonstrates elements of monotheism sometimes referred to as "monotheistic dualism" which contributed to the core of the Abrahamic belief system.〔James W. Boyd and Donald A. Crosby| http://www.jstor.org/stable/1462275?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents"〕〔Bryan Rennie | 2007| http://www.westminster.edu/staff/brennie/RennieCSSR36.1.pdf〕 Similarly there are traces of monotheism in the ''Vedas'', but evidence of polytheism appears already in the most ancient of the Vedic compositions, the ''Rig Veda''.〔Wash Edward Hale | 1999| p=40 “’You, O Varuna, are king of all, both who are gods and who are mortals, O asura.’”〕〔Wash Edward Hale | 1999| p=83 "'The godless asuras are weaponless.’”〕 The religion of the Vedic Aryans, also known as ancient ''Hinduism'', in its refined form, developed into Buddhist philosophy.〔David Llewelyn Snellgrove | http://www.britannica.com/topic/Buddhism” | 2015 “Northeastern India, which was less influenced by the Aryans who had developed the main tenets and practices of the Vedic Hindu faith, became the breeding ground of many new sects (Buddhism ).”〕 In addition to having made contributions to the Abrahamic faiths, the religion of the Avestic Aryans also made significant contributions to several other movements throughout the course of history including Greek philosophy 〔Jenny Rose | 2011 | https://books.google.com/books?id=CsyWAwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Zoroastrianism&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwil4Pzrhp_JAhXCbiYKHcewD0sQ6AEIHTAA#v=onepage&q=Renaissance%20&f=false "Classical texts, such as Pliny’s ‘’Natural History’’, Porphyry’s ‘’Life of Pythagoras’’, Clement of Alexandria’s ‘’Stromata’’ and Apuleius’ ‘’Florida’’, which speak of Zoroaster as the instructor of the Greeks in philosophy, astrology, alchemy, theurgy and magic ()”〕 the ''Mithraic Mysteries'' of the pre-Christian Roman Empire 〔Franz Cumont |1903 |p=30 “The basal layer of this religion (), its lower and primordial stratum, is the faith of ancient Iran, from which it took its origin”〕 both ''Shiaism''〔Janey Levy | 2010 | p=9 “Experts believe these () teachings later influenced Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.”〕 and ''Sufism'',〔A.H. Zarrinkoob | 1970 |p=139 "Thus, while in the late Sasanian period period were able to retain some of their former ethical tenets in the Sufi philosophy.”〕 the ''Renaissance'' 〔Jenny Rose | 2011 | https://books.google.com/books?id=CsyWAwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Zoroastrianism&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwil4Pzrhp_JAhXCbiYKHcewD0sQ6AEIHTAA#v=onepage&q=Renaissance%20&f=false “During the Renaissance, these texts (Classics on Zoroaster ), studied in the original, became the sources of reference regarding the ancient world. Certain Christian scholars were greatly influenced by the Greek perception of Zoroaster as a figure of authority and wisdom, preceding the great philosopher, such as Pythagoras and Plato.”〕〔Steven E. Aschheim | 1994 | p=152 ”Here both Nietzschean ideas and Nietzsche as a heroic personality served to fuse the mythos with the aspirations of the Volk"〕 Europe's ''Volk'' movement, and ''Freemasonry'' (eg. the ''Sarastro Lodge'' named after ''Zarathushtra'' himself).〔http://sarastro-lodge.com/contact/〕 In specific the Aryan religion of the Avestan people has also had a significant influence on a handful of individuals in modern day times including Friedrich Nietzsche (eg. ''Thus Spoke Zarathustra''), Richard Strauss (eg. ''Also Spoke Zarathustra''), Mozart (eg. ''The Magic Flute''),〔Paul Kriwaczek | 2007| p=38 "in The Magic Flute, Mozart disguised Zoroaster as the benevolent Sorastro()"〕 Thomas Edison (inventor of the ''Mazda Bulb''),〔Douglas Roper Krotz | 2011 | p=217 "() the most successful research and development company that the world had known up through 1910 was named the Mazda Development and Service Company by founder and major stockholder, Thomas Edison! This company assisted in, and shared, Edison's patent rights on not only electric lights, but, more importantly, the first viable system for centrally generating and distributing electricity, light, heat and power ()"〕 President Truman (quoted for his reference to the Persian Emperor of Aryan lineage: “I am Cyrus”),〔Manuvera | 2010 | http://kavehfarrokh.com/cyrus-the-great/president-harry-s-truman-i-am-cyrus/ "''What do you mean, ‘helped to create’? I am Cyrus. I am Cyrus''"〕 Stanley Kubrick (having incorporated Strauss’s ''Also Spoke Zarathustra'' into the beginning score of his ''2001: A Space Odyssey''). In their orthodox forms the religion of the Avestic and Vedic Aryans live on, respectively, with the ''Zartushtis'' or ''Parsis'' of Irano-Afghanistan and India, and the ''Hindus'' of South Asia, many of whom have also taken up residence in Europe and the United States. ==Antiquity== *Proto-Indo-Iranian religion or Proto-Iranic religion:〔Relating Religion: Essays in the Study of Religion by Jonathan Z. Smith〕 The various beliefs and practices from which the later indigenous religion of the Iranian peoples evolved. This religion also influenced the development of the Indian religions. * Zoroastrianism: The present-day umbrella term for the indigenous native beliefs and practices of the Iranian peoples. While present-day Zoroastrianism is monolithitic, a continuation of the elite form of Sassanid times, in antiquity it had several variants or denominations, differing slightly by location, ethnic affiliation and historical period. It once had large population and high diversity. * Zurvanism: By late Achaemenid times, Zoroastrianism was also evident as Zurvanism (Zurvanite Zoroastrianism), a monist dualism that had a following as late as the Sassanid era. * Mandaeism: A gnostic monotheism of (at the latest) the 1st century CE observed Mandā d-Heyyi - "Knowledge of Life". Mandaean theology is based more on a common heritage than on any set of religious creeds and doctrines. * Manichaeism: 3rd century ditheistic gnosticism that may have been influenced by Mandaeism. Manichaens believed in a "Father of Greatness" (Aramaic: (unicode:Abbā dəRabbūṯā), Persian: ''pīd ī wuzurgīh'') and observed Him to be the highest deity (of light). * Mazdakism: A late 5th/early 6th century proto-socialist gnosticism that sought to do away with private property. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Iranian religions」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|